Science Terms and Definitions You Should Know

Science Terms and Definitions You Should Know Logical tests include factors, controls, a theory, and a large group of different ideas and terms that might be befuddling. This is a glossary of significant science analyze terms and definitions. Glossary of Science Terms Focal Limit Theorem: expresses that with a huge enough example, the example mean will be regularly conveyed. An ordinarily dispersed example mean is important to apply the t test, so in the event that you are intending to play out a measurable investigation of trial information, its imperative to have an adequately huge example. End: assurance of whether the speculation ought to be acknowledged or dismissed. Control Group: guineas pigs arbitrarily doled out to not get the trial treatment. Control Variable: any factor that doesn't change during an analysis. Otherwise called steady factor Data:â (singular: datum) realities, numbers, or qualities got in a trial. Subordinate Variable: the variable that reacts to the free factor. The needy variable is the one being estimated in the analysis. Otherwise called the reliant measure, reacting variable twofold visually impaired: neither the analyst nor the subject knows whether the subject is accepting the treatment or a fake treatment. Blinding decreases one-sided results. Void Control Group: a kind of control bunch which doesn't get any treatment, including a fake treatment. Trial Group: guineas pigs arbitrarily relegated to get the exploratory treatment. Incidental Variable: additional factors (not the free, ward, or control variable) that may impact an investigation, however are not represented or estimated or are out of hand. Models may incorporate components you consider irrelevant at the time ofâ an test, for example, the producer of the crystal in a response or the shade of paper used to make a paper plane. Theory: a forecast of whether the autonomous variable will affect the reliant variable or an expectation of the idea of the effect.â Independence or Independently: means one factor doesn't apply impact on another. For instance, what one examination member does ought not impact what another member does. They settle on choices autonomously. Freedom is basic for an important factual examination. Autonomous Random Assignment: arbitrarily choosing whether a guinea pig will be in a treatment or control gathering. Autonomous Variable: the variable that is controlled or changed by the specialist. Autonomous Variable Levels: alludes to changing the free factor starting with one worth then onto the next (e.g., diverse medication dosages, various measures of time). The various qualities are called levels. Inferential Statistics: applying measurements (math) to gather attributes of a populace dependent on an agent test from the populace. Inner Validity: an analysis is said to have interior legitimacy in the event that it can precisely decide if the autonomous variable delivers an impact. Mean: the normal determined by including all the scores and afterward separating by the quantity of scores.â Invalid Hypothesis: the no distinction or no impact speculation, which predicts the treatment won't affect the subject. The invalid speculation is helpful in light of the fact that it is simpler to evaluate with a factual examination than different types of a theory. Invalid Results (Nonsignificant Results): results that don't refute the invalid theory. Invalid outcomes dont demonstrate the invalid speculation, in light of the fact that the outcomes may have come about because of an absence of intensity. Some invalid outcomes are type 2 mistakes. p 0.05: This means that how regularly chance alone could represent the impact of the exploratory treatment. A worth p 0.05 implies that multiple times out of a hundred, you could anticipate this distinction between the two gatherings, absolutely by some coincidence. Since the possibility of the impact happening by chance is so little, the specialist may finish up the trial treatment did without a doubt have an impact. Note other p or likelihood esteems are conceivable. The 0.05 or 5% limit essentially is a typical benchmark of factual centrality. Fake treatment (Placebo Treatment):â aâ fake treatment that ought to have no impact, outside of the intensity of proposal. Model: In medicate preliminaries, test patients might be given a pill containing the medication or a fake treatment, which takes after the medication (pill, infusion, fluid) however doesnt contain the dynamic fixing. Populace: the whole gathering the specialist is contemplating. In the event that the specialist can't assemble information from the populace, concentrating enormous arbitrary examples taken from the populace might be utilized to evaluate how the populace would react. Force: the capacity to watch contrasts or abstain from making Type 2 blunders. Arbitrary or Randomness: chose or performed without following any example or technique. To stay away from inadvertent inclination, scientists frequently utilize arbitrary number generators or flip coinsâ to make determinations. (find out additional) Results: the clarification or understanding of trial information. Factual Significance: perception, in view of the utilization of a measurable test, that a relationship presumably isn't because of unadulterated possibility. The likelihood is expressed (e.g., p 0.05) and the outcomes are supposed to be measurably huge. Straightforward Experiment: essential trial intended to survey whether there are a circumstances and logical results relationship or test an expectation. A principal basic investigation may have just one guinea pig, contrasted and a controlled analysis, which has in any event two gatherings. Single-dazzle: when either the experimenter or subject is uninformed whether the subject is getting the treatment or a fake treatment. Blinding the scientist forestalls inclination when the outcomes are investigated. Blinding the subject keeps the member from having a one-sided response. T-test: normal measurable information investigation applied to trial information to test a speculation. The t-test registers the proportion between the distinction between the gathering implies and the standard blunder of the distinction (a proportion of the probability the gathering means could contrast simply by some coincidence). A dependable guideline is that the outcomes are measurably noteworthy in the event that you watch a contrast between the qualities that are multiple times bigger than the standard blunder of the distinction, yet its best to look into the proportion required for hugeness on a t table. Type I Error (Type 1 blunder): happens when you dismiss the invalid speculation, yet it was in reality obvious. On the off chance that you play out the t-test and set p 0.05, there is not exactly a 5% chance you could make a Type I blunder by dismissing the theory dependent on arbitrary changes in the information. Type II Error (Type 2 blunder): happens when you acknowledge the invalid theory, however it was in reality bogus. The trial conditions had an impact, yet the scientist neglected to discover it measurably critical.

Free Essays on American

Patriotism Patriotism to me implies being pleased with my nation as a U.S resident, just as living in a vote based system under the government’s force and authority. Our nation today is under extreme conditions in which we are at war. Along these lines, it is my obligation to keep on remaining centered in school and complete the entirety of my undertakings that I will accomplish later on. Accordingly, I likewise should know about what goes on in our general public and not have any dread, however to remain solid and carry on with my life. I should likewise keep a positive psyche and realize that in the event that it is our opportunity to be detracted from this world, at that point just god comprehends what is ideal. My age is known as the â€Å"Generation X† in which we are deceived by the media and grown-ups as unsteady, capricious and lacking direction for our future undertakings. I as an understudy of Delaware State University, plan to keep on accomplishing my training and exceed expectations in the entirety of my examinations and get passing marks. Up until this point, scholastically as a rookie of Delaware State, I have figured out how to deal with my time between school work and public activity. The classes that I am directly taking currently are setting me up for the corporate universe of business. I have chipped in my locale administration hours for a long time during my long stretches of secondary school. Nationalism has just assumed a significant job in my life since I am glad to connect with the network all around in each positive manner. I have had working experience for as long as three years. I accept that being separated of the overall population and becoming more acquainted with various individuals from assortments of races, isn't just significant, however it is one of the fundamental needs that an individual ought to have in their life. Being an American empowers me to collaborate with different societies outside my own in light of the fact that in certain nations, certain individuals just blend with their own sort, in which they are restricted from correspondence since they have absence of opportunity and have certain convictions. My hard working attitudes... Free Essays on American Free Essays on American Nationalism Nationalism to me implies being glad for my nation as a U.S resident, just as living in a majority rules system under the government’s force and authority. Our nation today is under extreme conditions in which we are at war. Along these lines, it is my obligation to keep on remaining centered in school and complete the entirety of my undertakings that I will accomplish later on. In this manner, I likewise should know about what goes on in our general public and not have any dread, yet to remain solid and carry on with my life. I should likewise keep a positive psyche and realize that on the off chance that it is our opportunity to be detracted from this world, at that point just god comprehends what is ideal. My age is known as the â€Å"Generation X† in which we are deceived by the media and grown-ups as unsteady, eccentric and lacking direction for our future undertakings. I as an understudy of Delaware State University, plan to keep on accomplishing my training and exceed expectations in the entirety of my examinations and get passing marks. Up until this point, scholastically as a first year recruit of Delaware State, I have figured out how to deal with my time between school work and public activity. The classes that I am by and by taking currently are setting me up for the corporate universe of business. I have chipped in my locale administration hours for a long time during my long stretches of secondary school. Nationalism has just assumed a significant job in my life since I am glad to contact the network all around in each positive manner. I have had working experience for as far back as three years. I accept that being separated of the overall population and becoming more acquainted with various individuals from assortments of races, isn't just significant, yet it is one of the fundamental needs that an individual ought to have in their life. Being an American empowers me to interface with different societies outside my own in light of the fact that in certain nations, certain individuals just blend with their own sort, in which they are denied from correspondence since they have absence of opportunity and have certain convictions. My hard working attitudes...

Pathophysiology of Asthma – Essay

Test Case Scenario Pathophysiology of Asthma is an interminable lung malady described by scenes in which the bronchioles choke because of oversensitivity. In asthma, the aviation routes (bronchioles) choke making it hard to get air in or out of the lungs. Shortness of breath is the primary manifestation. The bronchi and bronchioles become kindled and tightened. Asthmatics for the most part respond to triggers. Triggers are substances and circumstances that would not typically inconvenience an asthma free individual. Asthma is either extraneous or intrinsic.Extrinsic is the point at which the aggravation in the aviation route is a consequence of extreme touchiness responses related with hypersensitivity (nourishment or dust). Inherent asthma is connected to hyper responsive responses to different types of upgrades like disease. Or on the other hand they can have a mix of both. The bronchi and bronchioles contain smooth muscle and are fixed with bodily fluid discharging organs (cup cel ls) and ciliated cells (push the bodily fluid towards the throat). Close to the aviation routes blood flexibly there are bunches of pole cells.Once they become animated the pole cells discharge various cytokines (compound delegates), which cause physiological changes to the covering of the bronchi and bronchioles. Three such protein cytokines are histamine, kinins and prostaglandins (leukotrienes) which cause smooth muscle compression, expanded bodily fluid creation and fine penetrability. The aviation routes before long restricted and get overwhelmed with bodily fluid and liquid spilling from the veins. Wind stream becomes deterred bringing about a wheeze.As the aviation routes become blocked the patient will become weakness and their respiratory exertion becomes frail and lacking causing hypoxaemia and hypercapnia. Aviation route †Assess the aviation route. On the off chance that the patient is talking this implies they have a patent (clear) aviation route in this way they ar e breathing and have cerebrum perfusion. Look and tune in for indications of aviation route obstacle. An incomplete obstacle is regularly loud, and in complete aviation route hindrance there are no breath sounds. Keep up and screen the aviation route and report any changes. On the off chance that the aviation route becomes bargained attractions or sit the patient up.If the patient’s level of cognizant has adjusted do the head tilt and jawline lift. On the off chance that you have had aviation route the board preparing embed an oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal aviation route. Breathing †Count the respiratory rate more than 1 moment. The typical range is between 14 †20 resps per min. A high respiratory rate (tachypnoea) shows that the patient is unwell and that the patient is battling to breath. Assess the rate, beat and profundity of the relaxing. Ensure the patient’s chest is moving similarly on the two sides (even), if not this could demonstrate a pneumothora x.Observe to check whether the patient is utilizing his or hers embellishment muscle to breath (if the patient feels they are experiencing issues getting enough oxygen, their body starts to grip these muscles each time they breath trying to get more air) as this could be an indication of respiratory pain. Screen the fringe oxygen immersion (SpO2) utilizing a heartbeat oximeter. A low SpO2 perusing can show that the patient is in respiratory pain. Give oxygen as recommended utilizing a venturi veil. Check the shade of the patient’s lips and tongue, focal cyanosis shows absence of oxygen to the skin.Listen to the patients breathing, breath sounds are ordinarily very. Any strange sounds, for example, wheezing recommend that there could be a liquid develop in the lungs. Dissemination †Palpate the spiral heartbeat, surveying for the rate, quality and cadence. The ordinary range for this is between 60-100 beats for every min. A raised heartbeat rate can be because of the patie nt being in torment, nervousness or an indication of a disease. Take the patient’s circulatory strain and guarantee this is inside the ordinary range (100/60 †140/90 mmHg). Take a gander at the patient’s shading in their grasp and fingers, and check if the patient feels warm or cool.Measure the fine top off time (CRT). Apply strain to a fingertip, held at a degree of the heart, for 5 seconds so the skin becomes whitened and afterward discharge. Measure to what extent it takes for the shading to return. The ordinary hairlike top off time is under 2 seconds, anything over shows diminished skin perfusion. Inquire as to whether they have any chest torment, if so start an ECG checking. Take the patients temperature. The ordinary range for this is 36-37. 5 degrees Celsius. A high temperature can be an indication of infection.The specialist may likewise prefer to re-take the patient’s Arterial Blood Gas (ABG) in light of the fact that past outcomes demonstrated re spiratory acidosis. Incapacity †Assessment of handicap includes assessing the patient’s focal sensory system work. Survey the patient’s level of awareness utilizing the AVPU scale. Converse with the patient in the event that they are caution and talking they are named A. On the off chance that the patient isn't completely alert set up whether they react to the sound of your voice (opening their eyes, making any sounds) in the event that they do they are named V.If the patient doesn't react to voice regulate an excruciating improvement (tenderly scouring the sternum bone). In the event that they react they are a P on the AVPU scale. Lastly in the event that they don't react to any of the above they are a U, you should then move onto the more point by point Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS). You will evaluate the patient’s students (eyes) and engine reactions (arms and legs) in addition to other things to give the patient a score out of (15 being the most noteworthy). A GCS of less than 8 is a health related crisis and you would then need to return to evaluating the patient’s airway.Exposure †It might be important to strip the patient, taking consideration to keep up their pride at record-breaking, so as to embrace an intensive head to toe check, paying special mind to any indications of DVT, wounds or rashes. Continuously gain assent before any strategy so consistently keep the patient educated regarding what it is you are doing. Console the patient to lessen nervousness and attempt to make them as agreeable as could be expected under the circumstances. Inquire as to whether they are in any agony and get the specialist to recommend a fitting analgesia.If the specialist has endorsed the patient anti-microbials guarantee that blood societies are done preceding giving the patient their anti-infection agents, this will give an exact outcome from the lab. Give the patient some other due medicine trying to inquire as to whether they have any known hypersensitivities. Normal pinnacle streams ought to be done on the patient pre and post medicine, this will let us know whether the prescription being given to the patient is working or not. Spirometry test will show how well the patient takes in and out and it is additionally used to screen the seriousness of some lung conditions, and their reaction to treatment.Take a mid stream pee test from the patient and plunge stick, contingent upon the outcomes send down to the lab. The specialist may likewise need a chest x beam from the patient. Complete all the important hazard appraisal, for example, the Waterlow score (patients are characterized by their danger of building up a weight sore), the MUST score (screening device to recognize grown-ups who are malnourished or in danger of lack of healthy sustenance), falls chance evaluation (what the odds are of the patient falling) and Moving and Handling (if the medical caretakers are required to utilize any hardware on the patie nt).And the patient’s cleanliness needs should be surveyed and if essential a suitable nursing plan must be instituted. Start the patient on a liquid graph, trying to record any IV liquids that they have. The cannula site must be checked and the patient must have a VIP score to ensure there are no indications of phlebitis. A sputum test should likewise be gathered and sent to the lab. Do a blood glucose test to guarantee that the patient’s blood glucose levels are inside ordinary extents (4-7 mmol/l). A referral ought to be made to the respiratory attendant who will offer help to patients who experience the ill effects of constant respiratory diseases.Give quiet guidance to dodge any triggers that they know about, exhortation taking drugs and if significant offer guidance on smoking discontinuance. Symbicort mix inhaler containing budesonide and formoterol Inhalers are utilized to convey medications to ease or forestall the manifestations of asthma. Budesonide †Co rticosteroid sedate utilized in an inhaler to forestall assaults of asthma however won't stop a current assault. Budesonide is utilized by patients whose asthma isn't constrained by bronchodilators alone. Budesonide controls manifestations by lessening irritation in the swollen internal layers of the airways.By stifling aviation route aggravation they diminish the growing (oedema) inside the bronchioles. There are less symptoms to the medication when breathed in on the grounds that it is consumed by the body in a lot littler amounts than when it is taken orally. Budesonide is generally taken two times every day and regularly endures between 12 to 24 hours. Asthma counteraction is the condition for which delayed use might be required. There might be a little danger of glaucoma, waterfalls, and consequences for bone with high portions breathed in for a drawn out period.Side impacts incorporate a hack, sore throat Formoterol †Bronchodilator’s are recommended to augment the bronchioles and improve relaxing. Bronchodilator drugs act by loosening up the muscles encompassing the bronchioles. Formoterol is from the sympathomimetic gathering which is for the most part utilized for the quick help of windedness. Sympathomimetic medications meddle with nerve signals went to the muscle through the autonomic sensory system. Since sympathomimetic medications invigorate a part of the autonomic sensory system that controls the pulse, the patient may some of the time feel palpitations or trembling.People with heart issues, hypertension or an overactive thyroid organ should be additional mindful. Salbutamol inhaler/nebuliser Salbutamol is a sympathomimetic bronchodilator that loosens up the muscle encompassing the bronchioles. It is utilized to ease side effects of

Why Cloning is Bad for Society - Free Essay Example

Cloning is a very tough topic. People are confused of it, maybe a little afraid. Cloning has many reasons why its bad. Here are a few. Cloning isnt natural. This day and age most of our everyday things arent natural like cell phones, the gasoline for our cars. They ruin our planet and our lives. I think if we add human cloning to that long list of unnatural things it would just be a mess. We are becoming zombies and just adding more would be of no use. The government cant use them for projects they are still humans and that would just be unfair. I believe everything happens for a reason and natural human life is one of the most beautiful things why ruin it. Cloning is so expensive, and why waste money on it when you can use that money to build schools and make the next generation in a good space. According to North Carolina State it would cost at least $50,000! At least! That is just crazy. You could buy a car with that. I know a human life isnt worth any money but why pay so much when there are so many more options like adoption. I could never really understand how orphans feel but I would imagine they feel forgotten and lonely. They are worth it, we should think of them before we start forgetting them. I know cloning has some pros like curing disorders but is it really worth it? According to Crystal Lombardo from the Green Garage Blog, cloning could divide us as people. She says clones who are not treated as human beings can lead to social unrest and divide. I completely agree with her we have so many issues like the political parties always bickering, racism, sexism,etc. We need to figure out the problems we already have before making new ones. It would just be cruel to make clones to us and to them they would feel as an object and that is not okay. Cloning could be a great thing but I highly doubt it. It would be too much of a risk. Work cited Editor, Crystal Lombardo Chief. 16 Important Pros and Cons of Cloning Humans. Green Garage, N/A, 15 Oct. 2015, greengarageblog.org/16-important-pros-and-cons-of-cloning-humans.

Issues Of The Modeling Industry - 1013 Words

Issues in the Modeling Industry Fashion is everything to society and the media, but everyone wants to look good while feeling beautiful in their own way. Everyone believes that fashion is an easy, fashionable, and sophisticated style. Today, the modeling industry has become negative for older and younger women. The people in the industry do not prefer unhealthy body images such as pictures of overweight women. Women suffer from depression and anxiety. The modeling industry has been very harmful towards women in America. It effects women by not achieving a healthy, being strong, and confident body image regardless of shape and size. Having a skinny body is very important in the modeling industry. Bigger women always get turned down. This makes them feel unhealthy and not as beautiful as the other women that are modeling. The hard part for models is to keep their weight down to a certain number, otherwise, they are not allowed to model anymore. Today, in America many women are suffering from eating disorders, and other negative behaviors which make women do things to their body that they should not do. Men are attracted to healthy women regardless if the woman is older. Most modeling agencies prefer skinny women because they believe having smaller women as models would attract men there to support them. The media thinks being overweight is ugly which is unfair for bigger women because women of any size should be able to model. The media shows thin women on televisionShow MoreRelatedEssay Skin and Bones: The World of Modeling1394 Words   |  6 Pagesmost people, they have all the confidence in the world. What people do not know, are all the difficulties that models go through every day to keep up the portrayed â€Å"model† image. A lot of models battle with eating disorders and have various health issues due to the weight limitations they are put under. There should be no weight limitations on models due to the extreme sicknesses and health problems they will endure trying to reach the set criteria be perfect models. Models, looking so malnourishedRead MoreBuilding Information Modeling And Construction Industry1222 Words   |  5 PagesBuilding Information Modeling in Construction Industry Jyothirmai Chatrathi, chatr1j@cmich.edu BIS 625 Research in Information Systems College of Business Administration, Department of Business Information Systems Central Michigan University Mount Pleasant, Michigan 48858 USA Keywords: Information systems, construction industry, Building Information Modeling. Background: The development of technology is very rapid in many industries, but in the field of construction it is very slow andRead MoreThe s Secret Model By Cameron Russell1531 Words   |  7 PagesAtlantic stage, according to TED writer Cameron Gallo. The model explains that though the modeling industry considered her a perfect, she does not believe her appearance defines her. Thus she came up with the title for her speech, â€Å"Looks Aren t Everything†¦ Believe Me, I m a Model.†. She specifically addresses that children need to understand that modeling does not constitute a glamorous career. The industry drowns out personal values, views, and appearances to warp these characteristics into aRead MoreWhat Kind Fo Language Does The Author Use? Essay1178 Words   |  5 PagesModel Make a connnection betwen a real oworld issue and an issue discussed in your text. In the book Model, Cheryl tells her story of the positives and negatives she experienced in the modeling industry. Most of what she states can directly relate to the norms and standards models are expected to achieve. Many people aren’t aware of th dark side of the modeling industry, while everything seems perfect on the outside, it’s quite the opposite â€Å"behind stage†.Cheryl s talks about the â€Å"unnecessaryRead MoreThe New Way We Look At Things967 Words   |  4 Pagesnational organ donor list for the past two years? And how about printing the most want it toy for Christmas for your child? Well now you can, by using a 3-D modeling technology printing concept. 3-D (Three-Dimensional) modeling technology in the medical field has been an innovation since the 1980’s. This technology has come a long ways. 3-D modeling technology printing is a method of additive manufacturing and built-up technique where a three dimensional object is shaped by layin g down consecutive layersRead MoreBenefits Of Building Information Modeling Essay965 Words   |  4 Pages5. Benefits of Building information modeling in Cost Estimation The cost estimation is the crucial section in the construction industry and estimation of cost is done depending on the number of labor, material, and the time conditions. The cost estimation is a time taking process and it seeks the participation of entire cost estimator group. †¢ For estimating the cost, BIM produces rapid cost feedback throughout the lifecycle of the building. †¢ The model has the ability which enables the constructionRead MorePlus Size Models Encouraging Obessity997 Words   |  4 Pagesright? It is a well-known reality that many women who cannot reach by healthy means, or do not already have, the desired body type for fashion industries, will develop an eating disorder to starve their way into the position. However, most fail to address the issue of obesity that curdles on the other end of the physical spectrum; the plus size modeling industry. This statement not only boils the blood of millions of American Women, but begs the question: If extremely thin models promote eating disordersRead MoreHow Is The Organization Described? The Case Study?1265 Words   |  6 Pagesguidelines on customer care and service in addition to the concern for the environment. Among other reasons, the GM culture has been described as a culture full of crisis in the study. The ignition switch issue in the study is articulated to the company’s culture; numerous parties touched the issue concerning the engineers, investigators, and lawyers. No one among these groups raised the problem to the highest level of the company to the point when it caused harm to the company’s name as well as employeesRead MoreCurrent Trends On The Construction Industry841 Words   |  4 PagesCurrent Trends in the Construction Industry Beginning a new year of the construction industry with a report of 6% growth (achieved approximately $712 billion) in the financial profit of construction from Dodge Data Analytics 2016 Construction Outlook, many analysts and experts predict that potential values for the construction business will be progressively increased with extensions of modern technologies and state-of-the-art concepts for improving construction performance, especially in projectRead MoreEating Disorders1137 Words   |  5 PagesThe modeling industry has taken a toll on young girls across the world today. Models, magazines, television even the radio advertise thin is in. Because of this girls feel pressured that they need to look a certain way in order to look good. People need to start realizing that you can be curvy and still look excellent. Society needs to urge the fashion industry and media to stop portraying the perfect skinny, toothpick image because it is causing a huge array of health related proble ms to woman

Essay about Illegal Immigration and the Environment

Illegal Immigration and the Environment One of the most controversial political issues of today is illegal immigration. Illegal immigration describes the long-term shift of populations across national borders without complying with the legal requirements. Many people are crossing the United States borders illegally to find better jobs, escape political persecution, and to help out families back home. Some Americans are against this movement of immigrants. One problem is because of the damaging effects to the United States environment, another is the amount of money needed to clean up the waste that is being left behind. Illegal immigration not only hurts the economy, it is also taking its toll on the environment. Illegal immigration†¦show more content†¦The government has estimated that one immigrant leaves behind eight pounds of litter on the journey. (Davis, 2005) Smugglers make the immigrants leave their belongings so they can get more people into cars and trucks for the trip. The illegal immigrants dump their belongings in favor of nicer clothes to better blend in with the communities where they will be staying. (Davis, 2005) The trash left behind can consist of harmful waste including food cans, plastic bottles, various medications, paper waste, batteries, cell phones, radios, and fecal matter. The Tohono Oodham tribe has used $100,000 in government funds and $30,000 of the tribes own money to remove 40 tons of waste from 84 different places in 2005.(Davis, 2005) In 2005, the city of Tuscan, Arizona allotted $46,000 from their budget to buy a dump truck to carry off waste left behind by illegal immigrants. The money also paid for signs in English and Spanish to identify dumping sites, also gloves, visors, safety vest, and containers for people to clean up the sites. (Davis, 2005) The litter can be very damaging and dangerous to our natural wildlife and natural resources. The litter is also harmful to people as well. The government has estimated that 2000 tons of waste is what immigra nts dump each year. (Davis, 2005) What makes migrant waste a problem is that waste is scattered in remote areas where it isShow MoreRelatedIllegal Immigration And The United States1126 Words   |  5 PagesIllegal Immigration Illegal immigration, according to an online dictionary is, â€Å"an alien (non-citizen) who has entered the United States without government permission or stayed beyond the termination date of a visa† (thefreedictionary.com). This issue has been a controversial and divisive topic throughout the world. Illegal immigration is a serious threat to national security. Lack of proper immigration can cause harmful consequences, and while there is much debate over what to do with the manyRead MoreImmigration Of The United States1399 Words   |  6 Pages Michelle Faed English 126 Immigration in the United States The United States of America, being a country established by immigrants, is known all over the world as the land of great opportunities. People from all walks of life travelled across the globe, taking a chance to find a better life for them and their family. Over the years, the population of immigrants has grown immensely, resulting in the currently controversial issue of illegal immigration. Illegal immigrants are the people whoRead MoreMedia Reaction to Immigration1471 Words   |  6 PagesMedia Reaction to Immigration Name Course Date Submitted Media Reaction to Immigration: The issue of illegal immigration is one of the hotly debated topics in almost every facet of society, especially among political leaders. This topic has also received huge media attention and reaction in the recent past including an article written by William Finnegan and published by The New Yorker. The article focuses on addressing the issue of borderlines and is based on the move by 17 Congress membersRead MoreThe Illegal Situation : America Is The Land Of Opportunity939 Words   |  4 PagesThe Illegal Situation America is the land of opportunity. People across the world know this, and want to come live here for various reasons, whether it be for better jobs, better futures for their children, or even to escape war or persecution. Emigrants have been making their way here from their home countries since 1945 (Hunter, 2013), however; within the past 15 years, the number of illegal immigrants living in the United States has been steadily increasing (Rivera-Batiz, 2001). Because of thisRead MoreImmigration And The United States986 Words   |  4 PagesImmigration in the United States continues to increase rapidly year by year. According to an analysis of monthly Census Bureau data by the Center for Immigration Studies, the immigration population in the United States, both legal and illegal, hit a record of 42.1 million in the second quarter of this year, an increase of 1.7 million since the same quarter of 2014 (CIS.org). Clearly, Immigrants make up a large part of the population in the Unite d States, and for most immigrants, migrating to theRead MoreEssay on Illegal Immigration: Money or Morality?517 Words   |  3 PagesThe issue of immigration has been a topic of great debate over the last decade. The rise in illegal immigration has been misunderstood as a national crisis. Illegal immigration is not necessarily a bad thing. Is helping someone in dire need ever a bad thing? Illegal immigration might not benefit our country financially but, it should not mean that our morals should suffer due to the lack of sympathy and compassion. Millions of underprivileged immigrants have come to this country for a newRead More Illegal Immigration in Arizona Essay1009 Words   |  5 Pagesmuch longer will Arizona have to suffer from illegal immigration? Peter Katel wrote that â€Å"While illegal immigrants only make up about 5 percent of the U.S. work force, critics of the nations immigration policies say illegal immigrants take Americans jobs, threaten national security and even change the nations culture by refusing to assimilate† (Katel par. 1). We will look at how Arizona is dealing with illegal immigration. Even though illegal immigration is not a major issue in most states, ArizonaRead MoreThe Government Must Solve The Immigration Crisis1664 Words   |  7 PagesIt is time for the U.S. government to resolve the immigration crisis, which has not only become an ethical dilemma, but also an economic setback. Finding a solution doesn’t mean drawing up a quick law or rule that will slow down the crisis, we must tackle this dilemma head on ethically in a way that is acceptable for both the government and the public. The rule of law and compassion are intertwined when discussing immigration. Rule of law revolves around the responsibility to those in the countryRead MoreImmigration reform has been one of the â€Å"hot† topics that have been consistently at the forefront of800 Words   |  4 Pages Immigration reform has been one of the â€Å"hot† topics that have been consistently at the forefront of many American discussions. At this time, there are more illegal immigrants in our country than legal immigrants. This is a major controversy in the realm of other social policies. Illegal immigration, or undocumented immigrants, refers to foreign people entering the United States without government permission or violating the immigration law. This is typically done by sneaking into the country orRead MoreEssay on Why should the U.S have border patrol?1611 Words   |  7 PagesBorder Patrol: Why should the U.S have border patrol? Illegal immigrants have always been a problem in the United States for some time now. â€Å"In October 2008, the illegal immigrant population stood at 11.9 million according to the Pew Hispanic Center† (Illegal Immigration Facts Statistics†). An efficient border patrol in our country would be a good step in the right direction to stop illegal immigration and the effect it has on our country. Illegal immigrants are at fault for such things as smuggling

Customer Relationship Management on Satisfaction †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Customer Relationship Management on Satisfaction. Answer: Introduction: Customer satisfaction is studied in different perspectives in theory. The perspectives extend from psychological, physical normative or positive views. The theories on consumer satisfaction have evolved and developed over the years. The theories however attracted great interest in marketing in the 1970s. According to Miller (1977), there are four types of expectations by consumers. They include: ideal, expected, minimum tolerable, and desirable. Customer makes their judgments based on a limited set of attributes. A research conducted in 1978 where the studies were conducted by changing the actual product performance with the intention of findings out how expectations influence perceived product performance. In many researches, researchers have concluded that customer satisfaction is more of emotion than physical performance. Other researchers observe that cognitive components of consumer satisfaction affect other reciprocally with time hence determining customer satisfaction. Discussion of common themes According to Dr.Vanitha (2012) Customer satisfaction can be defined as anything that relates to the purchase of a product. It could be factors such as price, time of execution, comfort, reliability, benefits, durability, and efficiency. He therefore argues that customer satisfaction is a mix of this variable and none can act in isolation. (Hunt, Geiger-Oneto and Varca, 2012) is also of this view. The author in his article argues that customer satisfaction may be of a process, product, or use of a products or period of execution of an exercise. Hunt, Geiger-Oneto and Varca, (2012) also views customer satisfaction as an emotional response to the expectations of a consumer before receiving a service of purchasing a product. The same extends to the point where the customer has already used the product to evaluate whether their expectations have been met or not. If the service or the product matches the consumer expectations then the customer is said to be satisfied. In case the expectati ons are exceeded, the consumer is very satisfied and if the expectations are not met, the consumer is dissatisfied. Lee and Park (2014) also agree with this view. He argues that customers make their purchase decisions based on their emotional status and the satisfaction of that customer largely depends on the emotions of that customer. The author argues that although performance of a product is important in determining the level of satisfaction of a customer, the emotions, attitudes, and perceptions of a customer towards that product influences the level of their satisfaction. Another similarity of the articles under review is that the authors recognize the influence that consumer satisfaction has on future consumer behavior. Paul, Sankaranarayanan and Mekoth (2016) argues that the level of satisfaction a consumer draws from consuming a particular good or service has a big influence on the buying patterns of a consumer since it inspires confidence in the product or discourages the c ustomer from consuming such in future. A customer who is highly satisfied is more likely to come back and buy the same product in future than an unsatisfied customer (Bartsch, 2012). The authors also agree that the performance of a product has a great bearing or influence on the level of customer satisfaction. Performance can be viewed in many different perspectives depending on the product or service being considered (Laurent,Lilien Pras, 2014). It can be simply defined as the ability of a product or service to satisfy the needs of the consumer. Lee and Park (2014) argue that this is subjective and may also depend on a variety of factors such as durability, attractiveness, time of execution, efficiency, and price. The combination of various emotional and normative factors defines the overall level of customer satisfaction by a consumer. Discussion of differing themes There are also different findings by the four different authors concerning various aspects of customer satisfaction. According to Hunt, Geiger-Oneto and Varca (2012) consumers seek to avoid dissatisfaction by changing their perceptions towards a product to match their expectations. He argues that consumers can reduce the tension as a result of differences between expectations and product performance. This will happen by either changing expectations to bring it more in line with product performance or by minimizing the significance of the level of dis-confirmation experienced so as to increase satisfaction. This view is unlike that of Paul, Sankaranarayanan and Mekoth, (2016) who in his findings, he argues that a surprise effect must take place in order to lead to discrepancy between performance and expectations being magnified or exaggerated. This means that the expectations of a consumer depend on what they are made to believe about a product by the seller. The price of a product co uld be too high that the consumer expects extra ordinary performance since they believe it is of premium quality (Royse, Thyer Padgett, 2016). The expectations of a consumer may also be influenced by advertising which may shape the perception of the consumer towards that product. If the after-use evaluation result is that performance does not meet expectations, it therefore means the consumer will get dissatisfied. Research limitations During these studies, the researchers faced various limitations. Absence of numerical data that could be used to measure consumer satisfaction is one of the biggest limitations in the studies. This is because consumer satisfaction is based on emotions and subjective and therefore, it is difficult to put a benchmark upon which to measure customer satisfaction. The other challenge is that the primary data collected from respondents was difficult to analyze and interpret scientifically because of lack of the necessary analytic tools for the study (Adamson, Dixon,Spenner Toman,2015). This challenge was experienced by qualitatively researched articles. Dr.K.Vanitha (2012) proposes that further studies need to be done on ways in which consumer satisfaction influences future buying behavior by a consumer. He also proposes that marketers in various different industries need to conduct researches to establish the specific factors that affect consumer satisfaction in the industry. References Adamson, b., Dixon, m., Spenner, p., Toman, n. (2015). The Challenger Customer: Selling To The Hidden Influencer Who Can Multiply Your Results. Bartsch, s. (2012). Superior Customer Experience In Voice-To-Voice Encounters: Insights From Three Studies Regarding Interaction And Call Center Management. Mu?Nchen, Fgm-Verl. DR.K.VANITHA, D. (2012). Customer Relationship Management on Customer Satisfaction. International Journal of Scientific Research, 3(4), pp.1-3. Hunt, D., Geiger-Oneto, S. and Varca, P. (2012). Satisfaction in the context of customer co-production: A behavioral involvement perspective. Journal of Consumer Behaviour, 11(5), pp.347-356. Kru?Ger, f. (2016). The Influence Of Culture And Personality On Customer Satisfaction: An Empirical Analysis Across Countries. Http://Public.Eblib.Com/Choice/Publicfullrecord.Aspx?P=4427819. Lee, E. and Park, C. (2014). Does advertising exposure prior to customer satisfaction survey enhance customer satisfaction ratings?. Marketing Letters, 26(4), pp.513-523. Laurent, g., Lilien, g. l., Pras, b. (2014). Research Traditions In Marketing. Dordrecht, Springer Netherlands. Http://Dx.Doi.Org/10.1007/978-94-011-1402-8. Malhotra, n. k. (2013). Review Of Marketing Research. Vol. 10 Vol. 10. Bingley, u.k., Emerald. Http://Search.Ebscohost.Com/Login.Aspx?Direct=TrueScope=SiteDb=NlebkDb=NlabkAn=549278. Paul, J., Sankaranarayanan, K. and Mekoth, N. (2016). Consumer satisfaction in retail stores: theory and implications. International Journal of Consumer Studies, 40(6), pp.635-642. Royse, d. d., Thyer, b. a., Padgett, d. (2016). Program Evaluation: An Introduction To An Evidence-Based Approach. Http://Www.Myilibrary.Com?Id=815805.

Microsoft Vega Project Essay Example

Microsoft Vega Project Essay How does Microsoft conduct strategic planning and what role human resource management plays in that process? It is apparent that people are Microsofts greatest asset. Linking production areas and using an atmosphere that caters to the 30 year old average employee age, has made the company a fantastic place of employment. Human Resources is responsible for identifying, hiring, and retaining their gifted talent. Microsoft has also boasted as very generous compensation and benefits program that has created a quality employee experience. Microsofts work environment, is a catalyst for great achievements. With a strategic human resource plan, Microsoft ensures that a diverse range of candidates are considered for opportunities as well as retaining them in a very competitive market. Their results are shown through enhanced product development and employee performance. The HR department is great at spotting talent and potential and aim to hire people who are smart, work hard, and get the right things done. HR staffing seeks to hire talented people who are passionate about their work. This passion translates directly into products and services that enable Microsoft customers to do their very best. Its an important mission — bringing the right people in and taking good care of them. It plays a critical role in helping Microsoft generate technology that positively affects the lives of millions of people around the world (Microsoft. com 2008). The case study on the Vega Project shows that HR department as well as company directors are using the plan to promote, educate, and empower individuals. As this case shows, it does not always work out to be a successful match. However, according to Microsoft’s home page, I believe their HR approach is a great example of how to recruit, retain, and promote motivated employees. We will write a custom essay sample on Microsoft Vega Project specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Microsoft Vega Project specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Microsoft Vega Project specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Where along the transactional-commitment continuum does Microsoft choose to be located ? Transactional leaders use strategy, structure and culture to strengthen their organization. This type of leadership can be displayed through a system of contingent-reward exchanges as well as active management. This style of leadership can be characterized through a process of goal-setting, setting expectations, and defining how followers will be rewarded (Gerhardt 2004). By achieving specific goals for both leaders and their followers, transactional leadership seeks to maintain stability rather than promoting change within an organization. This leadership style is closley related to the style used by Jim Kaplan in 1998. By recruiting MacLellan, he set goals, explained the rewards associated for meeting those goals, and maintain as close relationship with his new recruit. MacLellan was very excieted about his new Vega project and felt empowered to complete the project on time and meet the specified goals. He had a great commitment to the project, his team, and used many resources to ensure that it was a success. In my opinion I feel that due to the nature of Microsoft’s business, the company is high on the transactional-commitment continuum. This type of leadership is shown through the offer to MacLellan from Kaplan. Delivering the Vega project would mean a 14,000 dollar bonus, an allocation of 2,800 stock options, and promoted to a level 33 program manager, which carried a salary range of 85,000 to 110,000 dollars (Bassert page ? ). Microsoft Home Page http://members. microsoft. com/careers/careerpath/humanresource/default. mspx 2008 http://www. paulgerhardt. com/homework/TranformationalTransactonalLeadershipInRetail. pdf Paul Gerhardt-Transformational and Transactional Leadership in Retail (2004)

How to Do Research Paper Writing. Outline and Examples.

How to Do Research Paper Writing. Outline and Examples. Here is the complete information about the research paper writing. What Is a Research Paper? A research paper is the culmination product of an involved process of critical thinking, research, organization, composition and source evaluation. In other words, it is an extended essay that presents your own interpretation or argument or evaluation of the information you discover with absolute documentation of the sources. When writing a research paper, you build your thought about the question and make a purposeful attempt to find out what experts write or know. Have your hands full with urgent tasks? No stress anymore!  Ã‚  is ready to  make your college life easier. Here well tell you how to write a research paper and offer you a list of research paper topics. But if you wish to have your research paper written by our professional writers, place an order. Research Paper Outline Most courses in the university involve some extended writing assignments, often in the form of a research paper. The papers always require a student to identify a broad area of research related to the course. Becoming an experienced researcher in any field takes a great deal of practice. Remember, even the most seasoned academic writers had to learn how to write a research paper at a given time of their career. Here is the basic research paper outline: Research Paper Title Page The title should tell the reader what to expect in your research paper, addressing keywords that will be used in the literature review. It must include the author(s): full name and affiliation for persons who might have questions about the research. Research Paper Abstract The abstract is used by readers to quickly review the overall content of your research paper. It should provide a complete synopsis of the research paper, introduce the topics and specific research questions. It must provide a statement regarding the methodology and the general statement about the finding and results. It is often written last because it is the summary of the whole research paper. Research Paper Introduction It introduces the overall topic and provides the basic background information. Introduction narrows down the research questions relating to your study. It either gives the focus and purpose for the rest of your research paper or sets up the entire justification for the research paper. Research Paper Methods This section describes the methodology and research design used to complete the study. For instance, you should provide the context and setting of the study, population if applicable, specify the study design, identify the main study variables, sampling strategy, outline analysis methods and data collection procedures and instruments. Research Paper Results What did you find? This section focuses only on results that are related to your research question, and not their significance. However, the results presented will depend on whether the study was qualitative or quantitative. Tables and graphs should only be used when you have too much data that cannot be efficiently included within the text. Research Paper Discussion Give information that interprets your results like the main finding of the study, strengths, and limitation of the results, practice and policy implications of the results. The hypothesis should be to give the answers as validated by your interpretation of the results. It should also discuss how your findings relate to the previous research. Research Paper  Conclusions Do not mention the discussion or the data. State inferences, hunches or speculation and offer the perceptions of future work. References/Bibliography Here, you ensure you cite all the references made in your paper to other sources of information and research studies. This should be laid out according to the specified format, including APA, MLA, Chicago, Oxford and other formats as directed by your professor. Check out our FREE APA REFERENCING TOOL How to Write a Successful Research Paper A research paper is your thought on a given topic, informed by the research you have done. It is a daunting process for both new and experienced writers alike. Here is our step by step guide to help you keep focused down to the path of a successful research paper. 1. Getting started.  Sit down with your computer and identify tasks and build a schedule. Identify the milestone for all steps involved in research and writing process. Check your final due date, and take some time to scheme the task ahead of you before you get started. Ensure you understand your assignment: type, research paper format, and length. 2. Select a topic.  The topic of the research paper is what you want to write about. Narrow the topic by reading the background articles on general references, the internet, magazine, encyclopedia or talk to your professor and peers, while jotting down main ideas. 3.  Set your objective.  Before you start your research, you need to compose a thesis statement, which describes your viewpoint concerning the research. Because your aim is to prove the validity of your thesis, your thesis statement offers a controlling idea that will enable you to choose the resource materials and limit your note taking. 4. Research and  take notes.  List the potential sources of information. Apart from the card catalog and guides for reference books, there are other important sources that can help you locate books and articles relevant to your topic. Often look for unique sources that can distinguish and strengthen your paper. 5. Create an outline for a research paper.  Your outline should reflect the organization format you have selected for your paper, depending on the topic and the thesis statement. It is a process of organizing your thoughts to help you write your research paper. Consider what points you will include, the introduction, the order of the points and how you plan to conclude. 6. Write the draft.  After you have completed creating the outline for a research paper, you can begin to write your draft. At this point, you need not worry about the grammar, spelling, typos, and style. Instead, you should concentrate on content based on your outline. It only consists of three parts: introduction, body, and conclusion. 7. Edit your paper.  When you are through with the draft, edit it, paying close attention to the organization and content of the paper. Is each idea supported by evidence? Do the paragraphs have topic sentences that relate to your thesis? Are there clear transitions in one paragraph to the other? Let your paper ideas or arguments support the research and structure. 8. Bibliography and citations.  Give credit to the sources of ideas, facts, and quotations that have included in your research paper to avoid plagiarism. In fact, documenting your sources of information, allow your leaders to follow your thought process and see how you creatively built upon the thoughts. 9. Formatting.  Depending on the formatting style your professor instructed you to use (APA/MLA/Chicago/Oxford), the title page should be part of the title of the research paper, the instructor’s name, your name, the name of the course and the date the paper is due. 10. Proofread and submit.  A professional proofreading is the last step that enables you to submit your paper in the best light possible. Don’t skip this step! Correct the grammar, spelling and punctuation errors, and mistakes that your system could not catch. Double check the formatting, plus bibliography and citations. If everything is right, submit! How to Start a Research Paper Writing a research paper is a challenge to many college and university students. One of the biggest problems for many students is how to get started. Choosing the topic and doing the research might be half the battle, but starting an introduction always proves to be a daunting task. If done effectively, starting a research paper would be simple and can help you write the whole paper quickly. Here is how to start a research paper: Choose a topic and research it thoroughly.  One problem most students run into when starting a research paper is failing to do proper research on the chosen topic. Research is not all about gathering resources; it involves reading and digesting the source material. Make sure you understand the topic. Create an outline of your research paper.  You must understand the direction of your research paper before you write an effective introduction. Your main aim should be to summarize the research in one or more paragraphs, without giving away the conclusion. Draft the opening paragraph.  Write several opening paragraphs, completing each independently. Write the introduction without directly relying on the structure, but it doesn’t mean you ignore your paper outline. You must look at the resource material when writing the introduction. Choose the best draft of your introduction.  Choose one of the best versions of your draft and revise it. Make sure you have the introduction ready before moving to the body of your research. The introduction should indicate its importance of the future research of your paper, summarize and describe the extent of your research. Critique the introduction.  Ask your friends, teacher or professor read the introduction: it must conform to the requirements of the assignment. Remember, a well-written introduction will automatically flow. How to Write a Conclusion for a Research Paper When you reach the conclusion of your research paper, you probably think there is hardly anything left to include, right! However, writing a conclusion for a research paper is crucial for anyone doing research papers. Here is how to write a research paper conclusion: Research Paper Topics Finding a research paper topic is one of the most challenging steps in writing a research paper. Focus on a broad topic, find topic ideas and be creative in the process. Here is a list of research topics you can use: business crime and law, drugs and drug abuse education environment family issues media and communication health, psychology political issues social issues, religion women and gender terrorism Weve got a great list of research paper topics for you: 60 Best  Research Paper Topics Generally, students have higher expectations of themselves when writing a research paper because they believe the paper has to be perfect. The paper should be clear and thoughtful, written to the point and say things that make sense. Research about what other scholars have written about the topic and the formulating your own theories and ideas based on the existing knowledge and data. At , we understand the importance of adhering to your deadline. Obviously, the sooner you let us know about your term paper the better. However, we have also successfully completed assignments with seemingly impossible due dates on time, rendering our services with the same high quality of writing. Therefore, if you can see how busy the road ahead of you will be or if youre down to the wire, contact us. We will be glad to help. General pricing plan for the Research Paper writing is as follows (prices are in US dollars, cost per page) #get_view(blocks/prices2.php)

Consolidation in the Tour Operator Industry Case Study

Consolidation in the Tour Operator Industry - Case Study Example Visit Britain expects tourism to grow into a ?113bn industry if managed properly. However, despite tourism funding by the government being doubled since 1997, there is a threat that the UK tourism sector could slip behind international competitors. Economic Environment The tour operators’ industry has faced both economic and structural challenges over the past five years and through 2013-14 (Ithe BIS World, October 2013). Industry revenues have been as a result of economic downturn, lower disposable incomes, and reduced consumer confidence, due to which domestic tourists seek cheaper destinations. Tour operators’ revenues in 2008 show an increase over 2005 – from â‚ ¬60bn to â‚ ¬84bn (Appendix B) but this could also be, due to rise in tour prices, a rise in airfares and hotel charges. Therefore, loss of consumer confidence and declining incomes is a threat to the sector. ... Consumers demand value for money and consumers seeking mind prefer package aged holidays (Euromonitor International, 2013). Tour operators now offer flexible, dynamic packages but credit crunch impacts tourism as well. Consumers have responded to the credit the unch by choosing to holiday within the UK which has led to the trend of ‘staycation’ (Williams, 2008). Staycation holidays have increased by 13% and outbound travel decreased by 18% (Stamford, 2009a) which suggests that staycation and packaged holidays provide an opportunity to tour operators to redesign their product offerings. Technological Environment Technology has empowered the consumer in many ways. Low-cost airlines have made holidays more affordable; in addition, are the high-speed train networks. Internet penetration provides an additional distribution channel. Technology enables access to consumer data which facilitates tailoring their offerings to consumers. Mobile, technology and social networking have further empowered the consumer in seeking information, comparing and reading reviews about service providers before booking their holiday. This has helped major tour operators such as TUI to target specific segments through the strategy of differentiation. Technology thus is an opportunity to exploit the sector. Environment Tourism is generally associated with environmental degradation and ecological imbalance. The region is negatively impacted when the level of tourists exceeds the environment’s ability to cope with the use (UNEP, n.d.). In addition, natural resources are depleted; land area is reduced as infrastructure development takes place. Local resources are also used up by tourists thereby impacting the lives of the local people.

IMT Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

IMT - Case Study Example , he was walking in a hornet’s nest and any single approach from the four options he came up with may have had detrimental impact on the performance of the company if not cautiously implemented. In general, he did a great job when it comes to the understanding of the tasks as well as the prevailing environment in the companies. He also strived to be honest with June, his superior, in his feedback and recommendations. CMCI’s statement is not inspiring enough. A mission statement should not come out as an old novel which lacks both sense of direction and purpose (Neto 24). However, after reading Fort Wayne MIS Directions and Objectives Statement, more light is provided on the direction the company was heading to. The latter talks about the company being structured and with some reasonable level of risk taking. Considering the difference in timelines when the two were written, they can both be said to combine well in giving some form of common management tool. The two statements appear to addressing the same issues with the organizational set up. It is worth pointing out that reading Fort Wayne MIS Directions and Objectives Statement maps it out more clearly than CMCI’s statement which has limited vision and is not comprehensive. Over the last five years, CMCI has been experiencing several developments. This is in terms of expansion through acquisitions. In order to reach out to a larger market. The business has acquire several businesses both within and outside USA. In all these entities, the leadership and the management structures have remained decentralized. This expansion and leadership structures will for sure impact on the overall system architecture of the Fort Wayne Plant. Four options were suggested. The first one was the centralized computing. This involved relying on single networks within each of the companies. The advantage of this proposal is that it allows the company to have more control over its operations (Khosrowpour 53). The shortcoming

Hills like White Elephants Essay Example for Free

Hills like White Elephants Essay Ernest Hemingway published â€Å"Hills like White Elephants† in 1927. The narrative is a young couple is sitting at a train station near the Ebro Valley in Madrid, Spain to highlight the fact that their relationship is at a crossroad. Hemingway expresses many themes and literary elements throughout this short story. A plot is a dynamic element in fiction, a sequence of interrelated, conflicting actions and events that are typically build to a climax and bring about a resolution (Clugston, 2010). The couple sits at a table to have a couple of beers and a conversation. At first the girl talks about what they should have to drink and what she sees outside. You can tell that it is more going on at least in their feelings or its more going on in the story. From (Line 41) â€Å"It’s really an awfully simple operation, Jig† the man said. â€Å"It’s not really an operation at all. This explains why their conversation they were having earlier been awkward. The seemingly petty conversation here about hills and drinks and an unspecified operation is in actuality an unarticulated but decisive struggle over whether they continue to live the sterile, self-indulgent, decadent life preferred by the man or elect to have the child that Jig is carrying and settle down to a conventional but, in Jig’s view, rewarding, fruitful, and peaceful life (Holladay, 2004). The American was asking his girl to have an abortion without using the word so others would not be entertained or concerned at all. Hemingway knows how to raise suspense to the readers. The point of view is how the action is presented to the reader (Clugston,2010). Although â€Å"Hills like White Elephants† is primarily a conversation between the American man and his girlfriend, neither of the speakers truly communicates with the other, highlighting the rift between the two. Both talk, but neither listens or understands the other’s point of view. Frustrated and placating, the American man will say almost anything to convince his girlfriend to have the operation, which, although never mentioned by name, is understood to be an abortion. He tells her he loves her, for example, and that everything between them will go back to the way it used to be. Another literary element is character. A character is an imaginary person in a piece of literature (Clugston, 2010). In â€Å"Hills like White Elephants† there are three characters. The American, who is the male protagonist of the story. His name is never revealed throughout the story. He also tries to convince the girl to have the operation and he does not care what she does. He disconnects his self from the surroundings and not listening and understanding what the girl is saying. The Girl, who is the female protagonist of the story. The American calls the girl, Jig. She alternates the conversation to talk about the operation then avoids it altogether. The thing she says does not clearly defines her emotions or personality. Jig is more of a realistic character. She has issues and behaviors of real people. The bartender is a woman who served drinks to the American man and the girl. The bartender only speaks Spanish. The characters add so much to the theme of the story. A theme in a story is associated with an idea that lies behind the story. In other words the theme in a story is a representation of the idea behind the story (Clugston, 2010). The theme of â€Å"Hills like White Elephants† involves a question of responsibility. The theme of a piece of fiction is its controlling idea or its central insight, and the unifying statement about life implied in the story (Arp Johnson, 2006). Hemingway does this in describing the couple’s dilemma about Jig’s pregnancy. The theme exists when an author attempts to record life as it happens. â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants† centers on a couple’s verbal duel over, as strongly implied by the text and as widely believed by many scholars, whether the girl will have an abortion of her partner’s child. Jig, clearly reluctant to have the operation, suspects her pregnancy has irrevocably changed the relationship but still wonders whether having the abortion will make things between the couple as they were before. The American is anxious that Jig have the abortion and gives lip service to the fact that he still loves Jig and will love her whether she has the procedure done or not. As the story progresses, the power shifts back and forth in the verbal tug-of-war, and at the end, though it is a topic of fierce debate among Hemingway scholars, it seems that Jig has both gained the upper hand and made her decision. The theme of the story is revealed through the couple’s dialogue and through symbolism. Symbolism is something that has a literal identity but also stands for something else (Clugston, 2010). â€Å"Hills like White Elephants† is filled with symbolism. The narrator describes the character symbolic. Jig is called a girl throughout the story to represent her naive behavior, immaturity and lack of confidence about her opinion. The American is called a man throughout the story, representing his position about his opinion on the abortion. The bags they carry have tags on them displaying all of the hotels that the couple has stayed in. This shows that the couples are not serious about a child, still want to have fun and be sex animals. The setting of the story is symbolic. The story takes place at a train junction. This setting represents the fact that their decision can change the direction of their lives. It is less important that we know the course chosen than the significance of the two choices. The rootless barren life, devoid of responsibility represented by the dry hills (Fletcher, 1980). The other side of the valley is green and has a river. The two sides symbolize the decision that Jig has to make. The green side represents fertility, life, hope and the hot, brown side represents sterility. There is several more symbolism in the story, let’s move on to the next literary element. Tone is the attitude reflected by the author in a literary work; it identifies the author’s approach to the subject a story deals with. The tone in â€Å"Hills like White Elephants† The narrator is very controlled, giving us a bare minimum of information outside of the conversations between the man and Jig, or between the man and the woman serving the drinks. This narrator controls the tendency in narrators to tell what the story means. This is giving the readers lots of credit for being intelligent, but can also make for rough reading. We aren’t used to stories being told mostly in dialogue. Speaking of dialogue, both Jig and the man are having a rather controlled conversation. The fact that they are having this conversation in a public place might or might not contribute to this control. â€Å"Hills like White Elephants are very interesting and have many literary elements. From the plot to the tone, Hemingway was very brilliant how privatized his conversation and still managed to get his point across. The symbolism made it seem as if we were there with him and Jig.

Essay --

In Black Swan, a ballet dancer named Nina is casted to play both the White Swan and the Black Swan in the famous ballet titled Swan Lake. In the well-known opera, a princess is turned into a White Swan, who falls in love with a prince but then commits suicide when she finds out that the prince confessed his love to the Black Swan. In the movie Black Swan, Nina has to deal with the challenges that arise from trying to accurately portray both characters whom are completely opposite. It is easy for Nina to be the White Swan. She is innocent and controlled. However, it was very hard for her to become the dark, seductive, and mysterious Black Swan. To fully become this character, Nina has to deal with the struggles of becoming the opposite of who she really is. This results in many hallucinations that involve harming herself. She also starts to imagine things that are not really happening. Eventually, Nina has psychotic episodes when she truly becomes the Black Swan. Whenever she takes a step into her transformation, she has hallucinations such as having black feathers come out of her skin. It also seems as if Nina is obsessed with perfection because she even tries to kill herself. The true reality is not what she sees because she is so trapped in the world of Swan Lake. Nina fits the mold of many different mental disorders. I, however, personally think that Nina portrays the symptoms of a person with schizophrenia. In the DSM-5, it states that schizophrenia is characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech and behavior, and other symptoms that cause social or occupational dysfunction. It is required that a person have at least two of these symptoms. It is clear throughout the movie that Nina has hallucinations that ... ... the mold of a dancer. The fact that Nina has an eating disorder shows that it is not rare for people with schizophrenia to display symptoms of another disorder. One of the myths displayed in Black Swan is about how people with schizophrenia are all paranoid. Throughout the movie, Nina becomes more paranoid about losing her leading role and even stabs herself with a piece of glass, believing that she stabbed Lily. People with schizophrenia are not all paranoid. Overall, I think Black Swan was very intriguing and proved to be an accurate display of psychotic dysfunction, particularly schizophrenia. This movie required critical thinking in order to be able to put together the pieces and to understand the depth of schizophrenia. Even though this movie showed the darker side of schizophrenia, I still recommend it to anyone who has an interest in this mental disorder.

Disease Specific Program

In this paper, we would be discussing the application of self-management concepts involved in improving the health and quality of life for people with chronic Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes Mellitus is a complex disorder of carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism in which a relative or absolute insulin deficiency is the essential feature, Drury (1986). Diabetes is recognized as a model of broader based communicable disease control programs, WHO (1991 – 1998).The metabolic derangement is frequently associated with permanent and irreversible functional and structural changes in the cells of the body, those of the vascular system being particularly susceptible. The changes lead in turn to the development of well-defined clinical entities, the so-called ‘complications’ of Diabetes which most characteristically affect the eye, the kidney and the nervous system. Introduction It is not too distant past one of the critical tests of the skill of a nurse was the ability to m eet the needs of a patient with an acute infectious disease such as Typhoid fever or pneumonia.When the patient recovered, the nurse could rightly take credit for having made an important contribution. As infectious diseases have been brought under control, the incidence of chronic illness has risen so that they now account for a significant portion of morbidity and morality. Chronically ill patients often have a wider range of problems and need a greater variety of services than are needed to meet the needs of the acutely ill.Res ¬toration of the patient to optimum status and preven ¬tion of progress of the illness often demands the con ¬tinued efforts of the patient, family, nurse, physician, and other health and welfare personnel as well as the members of the community. With patients in whom progress toward recovery is slow and in whom control or prevention of the progression of disease is the goal rather than complete recovery, the nurse may not be able to see immediate re sults of her or his efforts. Instead of a relatively brief and intense relationship in which the patient is dependent on the nurse, the nurse often has a more or less pro ¬longed relationship.This relationship with the pa ¬tient changes from time to time, from dependence to independence to interdependence. To meet the needs of the patient, the nurse should be able to identify clues indicating the type of relationship best suited to the needs of the patient at a given time and to adapt her or his behavior accordingly. A Clinical Nurse Specialist (CNS) is described as an administrator, leader, manager, collaborator, practitioner, advanced clinician, consultant, educator and researcher (Wilson-Barnett, 1994; Dunne, 1997; McCarthy, 1996).Literature Review Today the test of the skill of the nurse is the ability to meet the needs of the chronically ill patient. If a single disease was to be selected as the modern day test of nursing knowledge and skill, diabetes mel ¬litus would und oubtedly receive many votes. There are many reasons that this is true. Diabetes mellitus has a relatively high incidence. It affects all age groups. Its complications are many and serious. There are, however, effective means for its detec ¬tion, diagnosis, and treatment.With modern methods of therapy, persons with diabetes mellitus can live almost as long as those who do not have diabetes. Even more important, they can have full and useful lives with few restrictions on their activi ¬ties. Persons with diabetes mellitus have been Rhodes scholars, mountain climbers, hockey players, television stars and statesmen. They marry, bear and rear children, and can lead successful, vigorous, productive, lives-a far cry from the predictable fate of the diabetic before the era of insulin therapy. The nurse is always concerned about the epide ¬miology of disease.Understanding the distribution and dynamics (epidemiology) of a disease serves as a basis for meeting objectives of disease detec tion and for education of patient, family, and community. Because diabetes and other chronic diseases are not reportable, they are not subjected to the type of surveillance used for communicable diseases. As sur ¬veys and techniques of detection and diagnosis im ¬prove, reporting will increase and it may be possible to identify and to improve preventive measures.According to the 1975 National Health Interview Survey, a rate of 20.4 per 1,000 population or an estimated 4. 8 million persons in the United States reported diagnosed dia ¬betes. Between 1965 and 1975, the prevalence of diabetes increased by 50 per cent in the United States (Guthrie & Guthrie, 2002; Flarey & Blancett, 1996). There is some question if there is a true in ¬crease in the frequency. The data may represent an increase in recognition due to increased use of automated blood chemistry laboratory techniques.Diabetes mellitus occurs in all age groups and in both sexes. The prevalence rate increases with age, from 1.3/1,000 (1 in 77) for persons under 17 years of age to 78. 5/1,000 (1 in 12) in persons over the age of 65. Diabetes is reported more frequently in females (2. 4 per cent) than in males (1. 6 per cent). Females have a prevalence rate of 24. 1/ 1,000. This is a 50 per cent increase from 1965 data when it was 16. 1 /l, 000. The prevalence rate for males is 16. 3/1,000. The most dramatic changes in preva ¬lence of reported diabetes is the increase of diabetes in nonwhites under the age of 45. This group has a percentage change of 150 per cent.Non ¬whites are 20 per cent more likely than whites to have diabetes (Dunning, 2003). Incidence is the frequency of new cases of a disease developed during a specified time period. In 1963, 17 years after the first Oxford study, 65. 7 per cent of the residents aged 34 to 55 years who lived in Oxford during the first study were re ¬studied. The percentage of diabetics was found to be the same in the second as in the first study (O†™Sulli ¬van, 1969). In the 1930s and 1940s there was marked improve ¬ment in the life expectancy of diabetics. Since that time, there has been little improvement.This may be due to the fact that Diabetes patients are living long enough to develop the more dangerous concomitants (Kessler, 1971). Reasons for failure to prevent the concomitants of Diabetes are one of the problems being studied intensively today. The Management of Diabetes Mellitus The ideal treatment for diabetes would allow the patient lead a completely normal life to remain not only symptom-free but in positive good health, to achieve a normal metabolic state, and to escape the complications associated with long-term diabetes.Nowadays diabetic patients rarely die in ketoacidosis in any number, but the major problem which has emerged is the chronic invalidism, due to disease of both large and small blood vessels, of many of those whose duration of life has been extended. It is well known that diabetics show an i ncreased propensity to fall due to visual impairment and neuropathy, as well as foot problems (Wallace et al, 2002; Keegan et al, 2002) and presumably accelerated cognitive decline (Gregg et al, 2000).Data from clinical studies strongly suggest that although genetic factors affect the susceptibility to develop complications, the incidence of serious retinopathy is related to the degree of diabetic control achieved (Clark & Cefalu, 2000). It is therefore incumbent on all those who are involved in looking after diabetic patients to strive in every way to achieve as good control as is practicable in terms of blood glucose concentration. The management of diabetes demands a broad range of professional skills, which include communication, counseling, leadership, teaching and research to name but a few.The Diabetes Nurse Specialist has the expertise and specialist knowledge to incorporate these skills into practice and so develop standards of care that benefits the patient (Daly, 1997). T he Diabetes Nurse Specialist (DNS) plays a pivotal role within a multidisciplinary team. The recognition of the contribution of the Diabetes Nurse Specialist in helping patients achieve good diabetes control highlights his/her essential role in diabetes care, (DCCT,1995; UKPDS, 1998). Metcalfe (1998) states that a Diabetes Nurse Specialist works in collaboration with a team to ensure continuity of care, lends towards more successful management.Types of Treatment There are three methods of treatment, namely diet alone, diet and oral hypoglycemic drugs and diet and insulin. Each obliges the patient to adhere to a life long dietary regimen. Approximately 60% of new cases of diabetes can be controlled adequately by diet alone, about 20% will need an oral hypoglycemic drug and another 20%, mainly younger patients, will require insulin (Long, et al, 1995). A patient may pass from one group to another – temporarily or permanently. Role of the Nurse in Prevention and DiagnosisNurses have numerous opportunities to assist the identification of persons who either have diabetes or are potential diabetics. The CNS is prepared beyond the level of a generalist (The Report of The Commission on Nursing, 1998). Review of the etiologic factors gives the nurse clues as to the target populations. In addition she or he, regardless of the field of practice, must always be alert to the signs and symptoms of diabetes. Any individual with symptoms suggesting diabetes mellitus should be encouraged to seek medical attention. The Suspicion of the school nurse should be aroused when a child develops polyuria and polydipsia.The public health nurse who visits in the home should be alert to the possibility of diabetes in family members. Some patients are discovered to have diabetes after they are admitted to the hospital. Most hospitals have a rule that before a patient can undergo any type of surgical procedure, the urine must be checked for glucose. The nurse can also assist in commu nity screening programs. In addition to opportunities for the nurse to participate in programs for the identification of persons who have diabetes mellitus, nurses have a role in the prevention of the disease.Because of the frequency with which diabetes in the middle-aged person is associated with obesity, individuals are encouraged to avoid overweight by diet and exercise. The preventive aspects related to genetic counseling are less clear. Persons with diabetes or persons with families in which there is a known history of diabetes should be acquainted with the risks involved when planning marriage. Psychological Aspects Fink (1967) has proposed a model of the processes of adaptation to stressful situations. He proposes that psychological phases follow a sequential pattern as follows:Stage 1: Shock; in this phase the person's cognitive structure is characterized by disorganiza ¬tion. There is inability to plan or to reason. Stage 2: Defensive retreat characterized by denial. Stag e 3: Acknowledgment, giving up the past, and starting to face reality. Stage 4: Adaptation, acceptance. of the modification in health. Planning to care for self and to prevent complications. When a person learns that he or she has diabetes mellitus, even when its presence was suspected, he or she experiences disbelief and then grief. The degree of shock will depend on the individual and what the diagnosis and treatment mean to him or her.Any preexisting problem can be expected to be intensified. The pa ¬tient and family can be expected to react to knowl ¬edge of the diagnosis as they do to other crisis situa ¬tions in life. The patient compares dia ¬betes with health and prefers health. The nurse can usually be of more help to the patient if she or he can help in identifying and expressing feelings rather than telling the patient how lucky he or she is. During the period immediately following diagnosis, the patient and family require psychological support. This should start with the patient’s admission to the office of the physician, to the clinic, or to the hospital.The type and amount of support will vary with each individual. Both the patient and family have a right to expect professional personnel to try to understand their feelings and to accept their behavior as having meaning (Otong, 2003). The nurse should try to convey to the patient that, while understanding or trying to understand his or her feelings, the patient will be able to learn to do what must be done and will be provided with the necessary assistance. Control of Diabetes Mellitus Successful management of diabetes mellitus depends on the intelligent co-operation of the patient and the family.Unlike recovery from an acute infectious disease, recovery from Diabetes does not follow a period of acute illness. Diabetes Mellitus is permanent. Remissions can and do occur, but even these patients should not think of themselves as cured. The fundamental methods used in the treatment are diet, insulin or hypoglycemic agents, exercise, and education. The continued management and con ¬trol of diabetes mellitus depend on the patient. Edu ¬cation as to the nature and behavior of the disease is required so that the patient understands the rea ¬sons for what he or she must do and develops the skills required for it.Diet The keystone for management of the diabetic is dietary control. In most respects the goals of the diet for the diabetic patient are similar to those for the non-diabetic. They are to provide sufficient calories to establish and maintain body weight. The number will vary with the age, sex, body size, activity, and growth and development requirements along with an adequate intake of all nutrients, including minerals and vitamins. Modifications in amounts and types of foods as required in the control of complications of diabetes and other diseases.Meal spacing so that absorption coincides with peak levels of insulin in the blood and protects from hypog lycemia during the night. For patients on intermediate-acting insulin, food is usually dis ¬tributed in five meals-three main meals with a small meal about 4 P. M. and another at bedtime. For the patient who is taking insulin, it is essential that a regular meal schedule be observed. Integration of exercise and diet with medications is essential. Most diabetic diets contain 50 to 60 per cent carbohydrates with 10 to 15 per cent in the form of Disaccharides and monosaccharide.Fats should comprise no more than 35 per cent of the total calories. The remaining calories are protein (Arky, 1978). Patients are encouraged to select unsatu ¬rated fats as recommended by the American Heart Association. Concentrated sweets and refined sugars should be avoided. Insulin Treatment with exogenous insulin is indicated in the following situations: diabetic ketoacidosis, juvenile diabetes, diabetes developing before the age of 40, unstable diabetes, oral hypoglycemic failure, diet therapy failures , and during stress of pregnancy, infections, major surgery.For the ketosis-prone individual and the unstable adult an exogenous insulin supply is always required. For the others it may be an intermittent requirement (Bonar, 1977) that is required during periods of stress. In the non-diabetic, insulin is released in response to food intake. The beta cells have the ability to release approximately 40 units daily, and there are another 200 units stored for emergency (Ellenburg et al, 2002). The diabetic does not have an endogenous supply, and an exogenous form is provided. Various types of insulin preparations have been developed.They fall into three general categories: fast-acting (regular and semilente), intermediate (NPH and lente), and long-acting (PZI and ultra lente). The actions of each preparation vary as to time of onset, duration of action, and peak activity time. Hypogly ¬cemic reactions are most likely to occur at time of peak action. Regular insulin is the only form giv en intravenously, and it has a clear appearance. The other insu ¬lin preparations have a turbid appearance. Each type of insulin comes in three concentrations; U-40, U-80, and U-I00. This refers to the concentration of insulin per milliliter.U-40 has 40 units per ml, U-80 has 80 units per ml, and U-100 has 100 units per ml. Syringes are specially calibrated for each concentration. Eventually, the only concentration available will be the U-100 strength (Joshu, 1996). This will decrease confusion and cut down on errors. The objective of insulin therapy is to enable the individual to utilize sufficient food to meet nutri ¬tional needs and, within limits, the desire for food. For many patients this objective can be achieved by a single injection of protamine zinc insulin or one of the intermediate-acting insulin, either alone or in combination with crystalline insulin.The ideal preparation of insulin would be one in which the insulin is released in response to hyperglycemia. At this time there is no such preparation. Persons who require less than 40 units of insulin per day often do very well on a single injection of Protamine Zinc Insulin. Insulin-Equipment and Administration The patient must know the type of insulin, concen ¬tration (U-80, U-100), and the prescribed dosage. It is essential that the appropriate syringe be used for the insulin concentration prescribed.Diabetic pa ¬tients on insulin may use either disposable or reusa ¬ble syringes. The former are used one time only and then discarded. Patients find them highly desirable because they do not require sterilization. Although minimal, cost may be considered a disadvantage. If reusable syringes and needles are used they should be sterilized by boiling before each injection. Boiling is simplified by placing the separated barrel and plunger of the syringe and the needle in a metal strainer. The strainer is placed in a saucepan of cold water and boiled for 5 minutes.When the syringe is removed fro m the water, care should be taken not to contaminate any part of the needle or syringe that comes in contact with the insulin or is intro ¬duced into the patient. When the syringe and needle are kept in alcohol, the alcohol container should be emptied, washed, and boiled at the time the syringe is sterilized. Before the syringe is filled with insulin, alcohol should be removed from the barrel by mov ¬ing the plunger in and out of the barrel a number of times. The skin over the site of injection should be clean, and just before the injection is made, it should be cleansed with alcohol.The hour at which the patient takes the insulin will depend on the type of insulin, the severity of the diabetes, when blood sugar is highest, and the practices of the physician. The most common time is 20 to 30 minutes before breakfast for patients re ¬ceiving one injection a day. Modified insulin con ¬taining a precipitate should be gently rotated until the sediment is thoroughly mixed with th e clear solu ¬tion. Vigorous shaking should be avoided to prevent bubble formation. Insulin, though usually called a protein, is a poly ¬peptide and is digested in the alimentary canal. It must therefore be administered parenterally.The usual method is by subcutaneous injection into loose subcutaneous tissues. Because daily, or more fre ¬quent, injections are required over the lifetime of the individual, care should be taken to rotate the sites, so that one area is not used more often than once each month. Conclusion The nurse has major responsibilities in the care of the diabetic patient. She or he must provide instruction, guidance and understanding for the control and management of the condition. The nurse must be prepared to provide nursing care for the patient if acute or chronic complications should occur.Last but not least, the nurse must recognize that the diabetic is not exempt from other diseases. She or he must be prepared to evaluate the impact of a concurrent illn ess on the diabetes and the impact of the diabetes on the concurrent illness. The sick diabetic has all the problems of any person who is ill and they are compounded by the diabetic state. The special needs of the diabetic must be recognized and met. The nurse who assists in the care of the diabetic patient has the satisfaction of knowing that the quality of life of the diabetic can be improved by intelligent nursing care. References Arky, R.A. 1978. â€Å"Current Principles of Dietary therapy of Diabetes Mellitus,† Med. Clin. North Am., 62, 655-62. Bonar, J. 1977. Diabetes: A Clinical Guide, Flushing, N.Y.: Medical Exam Publishing Co, pp.20-22. Clark, Nathanial Goodwin & Cefalu, William T. 2000. â€Å"Medical Management of Diabetes Mellitus,† CRC Press. Daly F. 1997. â€Å"The Role of the Diabetes Nurse specialist,† Irish Medical times, 14(17), 18. Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT). 1995. â€Å"Annals of Internal Medicine,† 122: 561-568. Drury. 1986. â€Å"Diabetes Mellitus,† 2nd Ed, Blackwell & Scientific Publications. Dunne L.1997. â€Å"A literature review of advanced clinical nursing practice in the United States of America,† Journal of Advanced Nursing, 25: 814-819. Dunning. 2003. â€Å"Care of People with Diabetes: A Manual of Nursing Practice, p.65-69.† Ellenberg et al. 2002. â€Å"Ellenberg and Rifkin's Diabetes Mellitus,† McGraw-Hill Professional, p.82. Fink, SL. 1967. â€Å"Crisis and Motivation: A Theoretical Model,† Arch. Phys. Med. Rehab., 592–97. Flarey, Dominick L & Blancett, Suzanne Smith. 1996. â€Å"Case Studies in Nursing Case Management: Health Care Delivery in a World of Managed Care,† Jones and Bartlett Publishers. Gregg et al. 2000. â€Å"Is diabetes associated with cognitive impairment and cognitive decline among older women?† Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group, Arch Intern Med, 160:174–180. Guthrie, Richard A & Guthrie, Diana W. 2002. â€Å"Nursing Management of Diabetes Mellitus: A Guide to the Pattern Approach,† Springer Publishing. Joshu, Debra Haire. 1996. â€Å"Management of Diabetes Mellitus: Perspectives of Care across the Life Span,† Mosby, 2nd ed. Keegan et al. 2002. â€Å"Foot problems as risk factors of fractures,† Am J Epidemiology, 155:926–931. Kessler, IJ. 1971. â€Å"Mortality experience of diabetic patients,† Am.J.Med., 51, p.724. Long, Barbara C et al. 1995. â€Å"Adult Nursing: A Nursing Process Approach,† Elsevier Health Sciences. McCarthy. 1996. â€Å"Advantages and Disadvantages of Specialism in nursing,† Paper presented to An Bord altranais Conference, Continuing Education for Nurses. Metcalf L. 1998. â€Å"Ensuring continuity of care for diabetic patients attending hospital,† Journal of Diabetes Nursing, 2(5):135-138. O’Sullivan, JB. 1969. â€Å"Population re-tested for diabetes after 17 years: New Prevalence Study,† Diabetologia, 5:4, 211-14. Otong, Deoborah Antai. 2003. â€Å"Psychiatric Nursing: Biological and Behavioral Concepts,† Thomson Delmar Learning. Report of the Commission on Nursing. 1998. â€Å"Government Publications,† Section 6.33, page 105. United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS). 1998. British Medical Journal 317(7160): 703-713. Wallace et al. 2002. â€Å"Incidence of falls, risk factors for falls, and fall-related fractures in individuals with diabetes and a prior foot ulcer,† Diabetes Care, 25:1983–1986. Wilson-Barnett J & Beech S. 1994. â€Å"Evaluating the Clinical Nurse Specialist: A review,† International Journal of Nursing Studies, 13 (6): 561-571. World Health Organization Publications.1991-1998.